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Bruno Manser (born 25 August 1954, declared dead 10 March 2005) was a Swiss environmental activist. From 1984 to 1990, he stayed with the Penan tribe in Sarawak, Malaysia, organising several blockades against timber companies. After he emerged from the forests in 1990, he engaged in public activism for rainforest preservation and the human rights of indigenous peoples, especially the Penan, which brought him into conflict with the Malaysian government. He also founded the Swiss non-governmental organization (NGO) Bruno Manser Fonds in 1991. He disappeared during his last journey to Sarawak in May 2000 and is presumed dead. == Early life and education == Bruno Manser was born in Basel on 25 August 1954 in a family of three girls and two boys.〔 During his younger days, Manser was an independent thinker. His parents wanted him to become a doctor, and he studied medicine informally.〔 He completed his baccalaureate, the first in his family to do so.〔 Manser spent three months in Lucerne prison when he was 19 years old because, as an ardent follower of non-violent ideologies espoused by Mahatma Gandhi (Satyagraha) he refused to participate in Switzerland's compulsory military service. After leaving prison in 1973, he worked as a sheep and cow herder at various Swiss Alpine pastures for 12 years. During this time, he became interested in handicrafts, therapeutics, and speleology. He laid bricks, carved leather, kept bees, and wove, dyed, and cut his own clothes and shoes. He also regularly pursued mountaineering and technical climbing.〔Taylor, B (2008). In ''(Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature Volume I:A-J )''. A & C Black. p.1046-1047. ISBN 1441122788. Google Book Search. Retrieved 12 August 2014.〕 At the age of 30, he went to Borneo, looking to live a simpler life.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bruno Manser」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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